Class 8 - Science

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SYLLABUS:

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

1. FORCE: What is force and how it acts as a push or pull – Identification of force through daily-life activities – Types of forces – Contact forces and non-contact forces – Muscular force and its applications – Frictional force and its effects – Motion of objects on different surfaces – Normal force and tension in strings – Magnetic force and magnetic interactions – Electrostatic force and charged bodies – Gravitational force and attraction between objects – Concept of field forces – Visualization of magnetic fields – Net force and free body diagrams – Calculation of resultant force – Effects of force on motion, direction and shape of objects – Pressure and its relation to force and area of contact – Applications of pressure in everyday life.

2. FRICTION: Nature and importance of friction – Static friction, sliding friction and rolling friction – Factors affecting frictional force – Effect of surface roughness – Effect of area of contact – Effect of normal force on friction – Advantages and disadvantages of friction – Heat produced due to friction – Methods of increasing and reducing friction – Use of lubricants – Rollers and ball bearings – Fluid friction and drag – Factors affecting fluid friction – Applications of friction in daily life.

3. SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS: Natural and synthetic fibres – Concepts of monomers and polymers – Identification of synthetic fibres – Nylon, rayon, polyester and acrylic fibres – Preparation and properties of synthetic fibres – Advantages and limitations of synthetic materials – Plastics and their characteristics – Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics – Uses of plastics – Environmental impact of plastics – Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances – Principle of 4R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover) – Recycling codes and waste management.

4. METALS AND NON-METALS: Introduction to metals and non-metals – Physical properties including lustre, sonority, malleability and ductility – Electrical and thermal conductivity – Chemical properties of metals and non-metals – Reactions with oxygen, water and acids – Rusting and corrosion – Reactivity of metals – Uses of metals and non-metals in daily life and industry.

5. SOUND: Production of sound through vibrations – Sound as a form of energy – Musical instruments and sound production – Human voice and vocal cords – Propagation of sound through solids, liquids and gases – Need of a medium for sound transmission – Structure and working of the ear – Loudness, pitch and quality of sound – Mixed frequencies and musical sounds – Noise and music – Audible range of hearing – Sound pollution, its effects and preventive measures.

6. REFLECTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES: Formation of images by pinhole camera – Fermat’s principle – Plane mirrors and their characteristics – Laws of reflection – Plane of reflection – Image formation by plane mirrors – Characteristics of images formed in mirrors – Applications of reflection in daily life.

7. COAL AND PETROLEUM: Natural resources and sources of materials – Exhaustible and inexhaustible resources – Coal, petroleum and natural gas as fuels – Formation of fossil fuels – Petroleum refining and products – Uses of coal and petroleum products – Coke, coal tar and coal gas – Petrochemicals and their applications – Conservation of fossil fuels – Harmful effects of excessive fuel consumption – Sustainable use of energy resources.

8. COMBUSTION, FUELS AND FLAME: Combustion and burning processes – Conditions necessary for combustion – Role of oxygen in burning – Ignition temperature – Types of combustion – Fuels and their characteristics – Fire control and prevention – Structure of flame – Different zones of candle flame – Properties of fuels and efficient fuel usage.

9. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS: Conductors and insulators – Electrical conductivity of liquids – Electrolytes and ionization – Chemical effects of electric current – Electrolytic cells – Electroplating process and applications – Importance of electroplating in industry and daily life.

10. SOME NATURAL PHENOMENA: Lightning and static electricity – Charging by friction – Types of electric charges and their interactions – Transfer of charge – Lightning conductors and safety measures – Earthquakes and their causes – Effects of earthquakes – Safety precautions during earthquakes – Earthquake-prone regions and disaster management.

11. STARS AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM: Movement of the Sun and shadows – Sundials and measurement of time – Phases of the Moon – Solar and lunar eclipses – Stars and constellations – Pole star and apparent movement of stars – Solar system and its components – Planets, asteroids, comets, meteors and meteorites – Artificial satellites – Shape and rotation of the Earth.

12. GRAPHS OF MOTION: Introduction to motion graphs – Distance-time graphs – Velocity-time graphs – Uniform and non-uniform motion – Slope of graphs and its significance – Graphical interpretation of motion – Stationary objects and moving objects through graphical representation.

BIOLOGY

1. What is Science:  Science – The Individual Perspective – The Social Perspective – Science and Change – How do Scientists Work? – Scientific Method – Process Skills – Reading to Learn – Writing to Communicate – Safety in the Laboratory – Safety in Science – Some of the Divisions in Science (Science – Some Divisions).

2. Cell: The Basic Unit of Life – Discovery of the Cell – Observing Cells in a Match Stick – Observing Cells in an Onion Peel – Observing Human Cheek Cells – Cell Nucleus – Robert Brown Experiment – Observing the Nucleus in Onion Peel – Observing the Nucleus in Human Cheek Cell – Diversity in Cells – Observing Cells in the Leaf – Observing Different Cells in Human Body.

3. Microbial World – I: Invention of Microscope – Discovery of Microorganisms – Groups of Microorganisms – Observing Microorganisms in Water – Observing Fungi – Observing Bacteria – Observing Algae – Observing Protozoans and Micro-Arthropods – Observing Soil Microorganisms – Viruses – Introduction.

4. Microbial World – II: Useful Microorganisms – Observing Microorganisms in Maida-Yeast Mixture – Commercial Uses of Microorganisms – Medicinal Uses of Microorganisms – Antibiotics – Invention of Penicillin – Vaccines – Invention of Vaccine Against Smallpox – Soil Microorganisms and Soil Fertility – Nitrogen Fixation – Harmful Microorganisms – Microorganisms Causing Diseases in Human Beings – Animals – Plants – Food Preservation – Preserving Food by Heat and Cold Methods – Packing – Pasteurization.

5. Reproduction in Animals: Oviparous and Viviparous Animals – Identifying Methods of Reproduction Based on Ears, Hair and Feathers – Sexual and Asexual Reproduction – Budding in Hydra – Binary Fission in Amoeba – Male Reproductive System in Human Beings – Female Reproductive System in Human Beings – Fertilization – Development of Embryo – External and Internal Fertilization – Life Cycle of Frog – Cloning.

6. Adolescence: Changes at Adolescence – Measuring Increase in Height and Growth Rate – Secondary Sexual Characters – Adam’s Apple – Voice Change – Reproduction in Human Beings – Menstrual Cycle – Child Marriages and Demerits – Behavioural Changes – Effect of Endocrine Glands – Sweat and Pimples – Balanced Diet – Hygiene – Physical Exercise.

7. Biodiversity and Its Conservation: Biodiversity – Identifying Biodiversity in Surroundings – Diverse World of Life Under Microscope – Variations in Plants – Animals and Human Beings – Degradation of Forests – Endangered Species – Endemic Species – Red Data Book – Balance in Nature – National Parks and Sanctuaries – Conservation of Forests – Recycled Paper Preparation.

8. Different Ecosystems: Concept of Ecosystem – Structure of Ecosystem – Relationship Between Biotic Components – Changes in Ecosystem – Grassland Ecosystem – Forest Ecosystem – Desert Ecosystem – Fresh Water Ecosystem – Marine Ecosystem – Biotic and Abiotic Components – Producers – Consumers – Decomposers – Energy Flow in Ecosystem.

9. Food Production from Plants: Crops in India – Crops in Village, District and State – Long-Term and Short-Term Crops – Kharif and Rabi Crops – Effect of Night Duration on Crops – Paddy Cultivation – Soil Preparation – Ploughing – Manuring – Levelling – Seed Selection – Cleaning – Sowing – Seed Beds – Transplanting – Manures – Pesticides – Crop Protection – Pest Identification and Control – High Yield Methods – Natural and Artificial Fertilizers – Irrigation – Drip Irrigation – Weeding – Crop Rotation – Storage of Grains – Godowns and Cold Storage.

10. Food Production from Animals: Animal Husbandry – Rearing Animals in Villages – Challenges – Milk Production – Milk Collection – Pasteurization – Chilling – Livestock Selection – Livestock Management – Poultry – Broilers – Layers – Poultry Farms – Incubators – Apiculture – Honey Bees and Life Cycle – Honey Extraction – Fisheries – Marine Fisheries – Fresh Water Fisheries – Aquaculture.

11. Not for Drinking – Not for Breathing: Vehicles and Pollution Check – Pollution Under Control Certificate – Atmospheric Pollution – Air Pollution – Pollutants – Primary and Secondary Pollutants – Causes of Pollution – Natural Calamities – Human Activities – Nuclear Plants – Fertilizers – Insecticides – Deforestation – Industrial Effluents – Chlorofluorocarbons – Mining – Effects of Air Pollution – Aerosols – Hydrogen Sulphide – Carbon Monoxide – Control Measures – Water Pollution – Testing Water Samples – Musi River Pollution – Definite and Indefinite Pollutants – Plant Nutrients – Biodegradable Wastes – Heat Pollution – Solid Wastes – Toxic Chemicals – Control of Water Pollution.

12. Why Do We Fall Ill: Health and Its Significance – Meaning of Being Healthy – Community Health – Personal Health – Healthy and Disease-Free Conditions – Diseases and Causes – Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases – Short-Term and Long-Term Diseases – Carriers of Diseases – Bacteria – Viruses – Protozoans – Disease Spread – Pathogens – Changes in Organ Systems – Disease Prevention Principles and Actions.