Class 9 - Social Science

Syllabus:

GEOGRAPHY & ECONOMICS – PART I

1. OUR EARTH: Universe, the Sun and the Earth – Earth as a Planetary Body – Evolution of the Earth – Internal Structure of the Earth – Movements of the Earth’s Crust – Earth’s Grid System – Latitudes and Longitudes – Importance of Longitudes – Measurement of Time – World Time Zones – Understanding the Earth as a dynamic planet.

2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH: Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Biosphere – Landforms and their formation – Theory of Continental Drift and Moving Plates – Slow and Sudden Movements of the Earth – Weathering, Erosion, Transportation and Deposition – Work of Running Water, Glaciers, Waves and Wind – Role of Vegetation and Human Activities in shaping the Earth’s surface.

3. HYDROSPHERE: Hydrological Cycle and its stages – Sources of Water – Oceans and their importance – Ocean Relief Features – Salinity of Ocean Water – Ocean Temperature – Ocean Currents and their causes – Oceans as Natural Resources – Importance of oceans in climate, trade and livelihoods.

4. ATMOSPHERE: Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere – Pressure Belts and Planetary Winds – Classification of Winds – Weather and Climate – Humidity, Condensation and Precipitation – Forms of Precipitation – Types of Rainfall – Global Distribution of Rainfall – Influence of atmosphere on life and environment.

5. BIOSPHERE: Meaning and Importance of Biosphere – Natural Vegetation and Wildlife – Tropical Evergreen and Deciduous Forests – Temperate Evergreen and Deciduous Forests – Mediterranean and Coniferous Forests – Grasslands – Human Society and Environment – Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation – Conservation of Natural Resources.

6. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: Types of Farming – Subsistence and Commercial Farming – Cropping Patterns in India – Major Food Crops such as Paddy and Wheat – Non-Food Crops including Cotton and Rubber – Importance of Agriculture – Small Farmers and Agricultural Challenges – Irrigation and Dam Construction – Green Revolution – Dryland Agriculture – Organic Farming and Sustainable Agriculture.

7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA: Industrial Development in India – Factors Influencing Industrial Location – Agro-Based Industries such as Cotton and Jute – Mineral-Based Industries such as Iron and Steel, Cement and Aluminium – Automobile Industry – Information Technology and Electronics Industries – Government Policies for Industrial Development – Environmental Issues due to Industrialization.

8. SERVICE ACTIVITIES IN INDIA: Meaning and Importance of Service Sector – Growth of Service Activities – Technology and Service Exports – Outsourcing and Global Services – Challenges in the Service Sector – Information Technology Industry – Changing Employment Opportunities – Case Studies on Modern Service Activities.

9. CREDIT IN THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM: Bank Deposits and Savings – Loan Activities of Banks – Need for Credit – Terms of Credit – Formal and Informal Sources of Credit – Credit Arrangements in Villages – Self Help Groups (SHGs) – Financial Literacy – Importance of Banking in Economic Development.

10. PRICES AND COST OF LIVING: Family Budget and Expenditure – Inflation and Rising Prices – Consumer Price Index (CPI) – Price Index Numbers (PIN) – Impact of Inflation on Daily Life – Government Measures to Control Prices – Cost of Living and Economic Planning.

11. THE GOVERNMENT BUDGET AND TAXATION: Role of Government in Economic Development – Government Expenditure – Types of Taxes – Direct and Indirect Taxes – Value Added Tax (VAT) – Fairness in Taxation – Tax Collection and Tax Evasion – Importance of Public Revenue and Welfare Spending.

HISTORY & POLITICAL SCIENCE – PART II

12. CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300–1800): Ancient and Medieval Europe – Humanism and Renaissance – Art and Realism – Architecture and Cultural Changes – Printing Press and Spread of Knowledge – New Ideas about Human Beings – Women during the Renaissance – Reformation Movement – Growth of Modern Science – Exploration of Sea Routes – Renaissance Influences in India.

13. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS (17TH–19TH CENTURIES): English Civil War and Glorious Revolution – American War of Independence – French Revolution – Rise of the Middle Class – Constitutional Monarchy – Reign of Terror – Napoleon Bonaparte – Unification of Germany – Unification of Italy – Growth of Democracy and Nationalism.

14. INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE: Industrial Revolution in Britain – Coal and Iron Industries – Cotton Spinning and Weaving – Steam Power and Transportation – Impact on Workers, Women and Children – Industrialisation in Germany and France – Urbanization and Social Transformation.

15. SOCIAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS: Workers’ Movements in England – Luddism – Growth of Socialism – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – Women’s Movements – Demands for Social and Economic Equality – Impact of Reform Movements on Society.

16. COLONIALISM IN LATIN AMERICA, ASIA AND AFRICA: European Colonial Expansion – Colonies in America – Colonialism in Latin America – Colonialism in China and Asia – Colonial Rule in Africa – Congo and South Africa – Political and Economic Impact of Colonialism.

17. IMPACT OF COLONIALISM IN INDIA: Forests before and during British Rule – Tribal Revolts such as Santhal, Munda and Kumaon Movements – Tribal Resistance in Andhra Pradesh by Alluri Sitarama Raju and Komaram Bheem – British Industrial Policies – Development of Indian Industries – Labour Problems and Trade Union Movements.

18. EXPANSION OF DEMOCRACY: Democracy in Different Countries – Case Studies of Libya and Myanmar – Democracy and Dictatorship – Growth and Spread of Democratic Ideas – People’s Struggles for Democratic Rights.

19. DEMOCRACY – AN EVOLVING IDEA: Features of Democracy – Responsible Government – Equality and Inclusiveness – Participation of Citizens – Civil Liberties – Free and Fair Elections – Rule of Law – Majority Rule and Minority Rights – Sri Lanka and Belgium as Case Studies – Dignity and Freedom of Citizens.

20. HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS: Meaning and Importance of Rights – Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution – Right to Equality – Right to Freedom – Right Against Exploitation – Freedom of Religion – Cultural and Educational Rights – Constitutional Remedies – Human Rights Commission – Protection of Human Rights.

21. WOMEN PROTECTION ACTS: Women’s Rights and Legal Protection – Child Rights – Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 – Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 – Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act – Prevention of Human Trafficking – Lok Adalat and Legal Aid Services – Importance of Laws for Gender Justice.

22. DISASTER MANAGEMENT: Human-Induced Disasters – Industrial and Technological Disasters – Rail Accidents – Air Accidents – Fire Accidents – Terrorism and Security Challenges – Disaster Preparedness – Safety Measures and Risk Reduction.

23. TRAFFIC EDUCATION: Importance of Traffic Education – Traffic Rules and Regulations – Traffic Signs and Road Markings – Driving Licence and Registration – Drunken Driving and Breath Analyzer Tests – Road Safety Measures – Responsibilities of Drivers, Pedestrians and Motorcyclists – Safe Road Practices and Accident Prevention.