EAPCET (TG) - Genesis

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Mathematics

Unit 1 – Algebra

Functions – Ordered pairs – Types of functions – Definitions – Inverse functions and theorems – Domain – Range – Inverse of real valued functions – Mathematical induction – Principle of mathematical induction – Applications – Problems on divisibility – Matrices – Types of matrices – Scalar multiple of a matrix – Multiplication of matrices – Transpose of a matrix – Determinants – Adjoint and inverse of a matrix – Consistency and inconsistency of simultaneous equations – Rank of a matrix – Solution of simultaneous linear equations – Complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers – Fundamental operations – Representation in a + ib form – Modulus and amplitude – Geometrical and polar representation – Argand plane – De Moivre’s theorem – Integral and rational indices – nth roots of unity – Geometrical interpretations – Quadratic expressions – Quadratic equations in one variable – Sign of quadratic expressions – Change in signs – Maximum and minimum values – Quadratic inequalities – Theory of equations – Relation between roots and coefficients – Equations with connected roots – Equations with real coefficients – Complex conjugate roots – Transformation of equations – Reciprocal equations – Permutations and combinations – Fundamental principle of counting – Linear and circular permutations – Permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time – Permutations with repetitions – Combinations – Binomial theorem for positive integral index – Binomial theorem for rational index – Approximations using binomial theorem – Partial fractions – Rational fractions – Partial fractions involving repeated and non-repeated linear factors – Irreducible factors.

Unit 2 – Trigonometry

Trigonometric ratios – Variations – Graphs and periodicity – Compound angles – Multiple and sub-multiple angles – Sum and product transformations – Trigonometric equations – General solutions – Simple trigonometric equations – Inverse trigonometric functions – Reduction into bijective functions – Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions – Properties of inverse trigonometric functions – Hyperbolic functions – Definition – Graphs – Inverse hyperbolic functions – Graphs – Addition formulae – Properties of triangles – Relation between sides and angles – Sine rule – Cosine rule – Tangent rule – Projection rule – Half-angle formulae – Area of a triangle – Incircle and excircle.

Unit 3 – Vector Algebra

Vectors as triads of real numbers – Basic concepts – Types of vectors – Addition of vectors – Scalar multiplication – Angle between vectors – Linear combination of vectors – Components of vectors in three dimensions – Vector equations of line and plane – Scalar (dot) product – Geometrical interpretation – Orthogonal projections – Properties of dot product – Expression in i, j, k system – Angle between vectors – Vector methods – Vector equation of plane in normal form – Angle between planes – Vector (cross) product – Properties – Expression in i, j, k system – Vector areas – Scalar triple product – Different forms of vector equation of plane – Skew lines – Shortest distance – Coplanarity – Vector triple product.

 Unit 4 – Probability

Measures of dispersion – Range – Mean deviation – Variance – Standard deviation of grouped and ungrouped data – Coefficient of variation – Analysis of frequency distributions – Probability – Random experiments and events – Classical definition – Axiomatic approach – Addition theorem – Independent and dependent events – Conditional probability – Multiplication theorem – Bayes theorem – Random variables – Probability distributions – Binomial distribution – Poisson distribution.

Unit 5 – Coordinate Geometry

Locus – Definition – Illustrations – Equations of locus – Problems on locus – Transformation of axes – Rules and derivations – Rotation of axes – Straight line – Normal form – Symmetric form – Reduction into various forms – Intersection of two lines – Family of lines – Concurrent lines – Condition for concurrency – Angle between lines – Length of perpendicular from a point to a line – Distance between parallel lines – Properties related to triangles – Pair of straight lines – Equations passing through origin – Angle between pair of lines – Conditions for perpendicular and coincident lines – Bisectors of angles – Pair of bisectors – General second-degree equation – Parallel lines – Distance between lines – Point of intersection – Homogenization – Circle – Standard equation – Centre and radius – Position of a point – Tangent – Chord of contact – Polar – Relative position of circles – System of circles – Radical axis – Angle between intersecting circles – Parabola – Conic sections – Tangent and normal – Ellipse – Standard equation – Parametric equations – Tangent and normal – Hyperbola – Standard equation – Parametric equations – Tangent and normal – Three-dimensional coordinates – Section formulae – Direction cosines – Direction ratios – Cartesian equation of plane.

Unit 6 – Calculus

Limits and continuity – Intervals and neighbourhoods – Limits – Standard limits – Continuity – Differentiation – Derivative of a function – Elementary properties – Trigonometric functions – Inverse trigonometric functions – Hyperbolic functions – Inverse hyperbolic functions – Methods of differentiation – Second-order derivatives – Applications of derivatives – Errors and approximations – Geometrical interpretation – Tangents and normals – Lengths of tangent, normal, subtangent and subnormal – Angle between curves – Orthogonality – Rate of change – Rolle’s theorem – Lagrange’s mean value theorem – Increasing and decreasing functions – Maxima and minima – Integration – Inverse process of differentiation – Standard forms – Properties of integrals – Substitution method – Integration of algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions – Integration by parts – Partial fractions – Reduction formulae – Definite integrals – Definite integral as limit of sum – Area interpretation – Fundamental theorem of integral calculus – Properties – Reduction formulae – Applications to areas – Differential equations – Formation of differential equations – Degree and order – Variable separable method – Homogeneous differential equations – Non-homogeneous differential equations – Linear differential equations.

Chemistry 

Unit 1 – Atomic Structure

Introduction – Subatomic particles – Thomson’s model – Rutherford nuclear model – Drawbacks of Rutherford model – Bohr’s model – Electromagnetic radiation – Planck’s quantum theory – Hydrogen spectrum – Limitations of Bohr’s model – Dual nature of matter – Heisenberg uncertainty principle – Quantum mechanical model – Orbitals and quantum numbers – Shapes and energies of orbitals – Aufbau principle – Pauli exclusion principle – Hund’s rule – Electronic configuration – Stability of half-filled and fully-filled orbitals.

Unit 2 – Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Need for classification – Genesis of periodic classification – Modern periodic law – Periodic table – Nomenclature of elements – Electronic configuration and periodic table – s, p, d and f blocks – Atomic radius – Ionic radius – Ionization enthalpy – Electron gain enthalpy – Electronegativity – Oxidation states – Diagonal relationship – Anomalous properties of second period elements – Periodic trends and chemical reactivity.

Unit 3 – Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel-Lewis approach – Octet rule – Ionic bond – Lattice enthalpy – Covalent bond – Bond parameters – Bond length – Bond angle – Bond enthalpy – Bond order – Resonance – Dipole moment – VSEPR theory – Molecular geometry – Valence bond theory – Orbital overlap – Sigma and pi bonds – Hybridization – Coordinate bond – Molecular orbital theory – LCAO – Energy level diagrams – Bonding in homonuclear molecules – Hydrogen bonding – Intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

Unit 4 – States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Intermolecular forces – Thermal energy – Gas laws – Ideal gas equation – Graham’s law of diffusion – Dalton’s law of partial pressures – Kinetic theory of gases – Kinetic gas equation – Molecular speed distribution – RMS velocity – Real gases – Compressibility factor – Liquefaction of gases – Properties of liquids – Vapour pressure – Viscosity – Surface tension.

Unit 5 – Stoichiometry

Basic concepts – Significant figures – Dimensional analysis – Laws of chemical combination – Conservation of mass – Definite proportions – Multiple proportions – Gay Lussac’s law – Dalton’s atomic theory – Avogadro’s law – Atomic and molecular masses – Mole concept – Equivalent weight – Percentage composition – Empirical formula – Molecular formula – Concentration terms – Molarity – Molality – Normality – Mole fraction – Redox reactions – Oxidation number – Balancing redox equations – Titrimetry.

Unit 6 – Thermodynamics

System and surroundings – Types of systems – State functions – Internal energy – Work and heat – First law of thermodynamics – Enthalpy – Heat capacity – Calorimetry – Enthalpy changes – Thermochemical equations – Hess’s law – Enthalpy of combustion – Atomization – Bond enthalpy – Solution enthalpy – Entropy – Second law of thermodynamics – Gibbs free energy – Spontaneity – Third law of thermodynamics.

Unit 7 – Chemical Equilibrium and Acids-Bases

Physical equilibrium – Chemical equilibrium – Dynamic equilibrium – Law of mass action – Equilibrium constant – Homogeneous equilibrium – Heterogeneous equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle – Ionic equilibrium – Acids and bases – Arrhenius theory – Bronsted-Lowry theory – Lewis theory – Ionization constants – pH scale – Common ion effect – Hydrolysis of salts – Buffer solutions – Solubility product – Solubility equilibria.

Unit 8 – Hydrogen and Its Compounds

Position of hydrogen – Isotopes – Preparation and properties of hydrogen – Hydrides – Water – Structure and properties of water – Hard and soft water – Hydrogen peroxide – Preparation and properties – Heavy water – Hydrogen as fuel.

Unit 9 – s-Block Elements

Alkali metals – Electronic configuration – Atomic and ionic radii – Ionization enthalpy – Hydration enthalpy – Physical and chemical properties – Oxides – Halides – Salts of oxo acids – Lithium and its anomalous behaviour – Sodium compounds – Sodium carbonate – Sodium chloride – Sodium hydroxide – Sodium bicarbonate – Biological importance – Alkaline earth metals – Beryllium anomaly – Calcium compounds – Calcium oxide – Calcium hydroxide – Calcium carbonate – Plaster of Paris – Cement – Biological importance of calcium and magnesium.

Unit 10 – p-Block Elements (Group 13)

Electronic configuration – Atomic radii – Ionization enthalpy – Electronegativity – Physical properties – Chemical properties – Boron and its anomalous properties – Borax – Orthoboric acid – Diborane – Uses of boron and aluminium.

Unit 11 – p-Block Elements (Group 14)

Electronic configuration – Physical and chemical properties – Carbon and silicon – Allotropes of carbon – Carbon monoxide – Carbon dioxide – Silica – Silicones – Silicates – Zeolites.

Unit 12 – Environmental Chemistry

Air pollution – Water pollution – Soil pollution – Atmospheric pollution – Tropospheric pollution – Greenhouse effect – Global warming – Acid rain – Smog – Ozone layer depletion – Water quality standards – Waste management – Green chemistry – Environmental protection strategies.

Unit 13 – Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles and Hydrocarbons

Classification of organic compounds – Nomenclature – Isomerism – Reaction mechanisms – Electron displacement effects – Inductive effect – Resonance – Electromeric effect – Hyperconjugation – Purification methods – Qualitative and quantitative analysis – Alkanes – Alkenes – Alkynes – Aromatic hydrocarbons – Benzene – Aromaticity – Electrophilic substitution reactions – Nitration – Sulphonation – Halogenation – Friedel-Crafts reactions.

Unit 14 – Solid State

Amorphous and crystalline solids – Classification of solids – Crystal lattices – Unit cells – Bravais lattices – Number of atoms in unit cells – Close packing – Voids – Packing efficiency – Density of unit cells – Defects in solids – Electrical properties – Band theory – Magnetic properties.

Unit 15 – Solutions

Types of solutions – Concentration terms – Solubility – Henry’s law – Vapour pressure – Raoult’s law – Ideal and non-ideal solutions – Colligative properties – Relative lowering of vapour pressure – Elevation of boiling point – Depression of freezing point – Osmosis – Osmotic pressure – Reverse osmosis – Abnormal molar masses – van’t Hoff factor.

Unit 16 – Electrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics

Electrochemical cells – Galvanic cells – Electrode potentials – Nernst equation – Conductance – Molar conductivity – Kohlrausch’s law – Electrolysis – Faraday’s laws – Batteries – Fuel cells – Corrosion – Hydrogen economy – Rate of reaction – Order of reaction – Molecularity – Rate constant – Integrated rate equations – Half-life – Temperature dependence – Catalysis – Collision theory.

Unit 17 – Surface Chemistry

Adsorption and absorption – Types of adsorption – Adsorption isotherms – Applications of adsorption – Catalysis – Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis – Enzyme catalysis – Colloids – Classification of colloids – Preparation and purification – Tyndall effect – Brownian movement – Electrophoresis – Emulsions – Applications of colloids.

Unit 18 – General Principles of Metallurgy

Occurrence of metals – Concentration of ores – Magnetic separation – Froth flotation – Leaching – Extraction of crude metals – Thermodynamic principles – Ellingham diagram – Electrochemical principles – Refining methods – Distillation – Liquation – Electrolysis – Zone refining – Vapour phase refining – Uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

Unit 19 – p-Block Elements (Groups 15 to 18)

Group 15 elements – Nitrogen and phosphorus – Ammonia – Nitric acid – Phosphine – Phosphorus halides – Oxoacids of phosphorus – Group 16 elements – Oxygen – Ozone – Sulphur – Sulphur dioxide – Sulphuric acid – Group 17 elements – Chlorine – Hydrogen chloride – Oxoacids of halogens – Interhalogen compounds – Group 18 elements – Noble gases – Xenon compounds.

Unit 20 – d and f Block Elements & Coordination Compounds

Transition elements – Electronic configuration – Oxidation states – Magnetic properties – Coloured ions – Complex formation – Catalytic properties – Potassium dichromate – Potassium permanganate – Lanthanoids – Actinoids – Werner’s theory – Nomenclature of coordination compounds – Isomerism – Valence bond theory – Crystal field theory – Stability and applications of coordination compounds.

Unit 21 – Polymers

Classification of polymers – Addition polymerization – Condensation polymerization – Copolymerization – Natural rubber – Vulcanization – Synthetic rubbers – Molecular mass of polymers – Biodegradable polymers – Commercial polymers and their uses.

Unit 22 – Biomolecules

Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides – Disaccharides – Polysaccharides – Amino acids – Proteins – Structure of proteins – Enzymes – Vitamins – Nucleic acids – DNA – RNA – DNA fingerprinting – Hormones – Biological functions.

Unit 23 – Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs and classification – Drug-target interaction – Antacids – Antihistamines – Tranquilizers – Analgesics – Antibiotics – Antiseptics – Disinfectants – Artificial sweeteners – Food preservatives – Antioxidants – Soaps – Synthetic detergents.

Unit 24 – Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Classification and nomenclature – Nature of C-X bond – Preparation methods – Physical properties – Nucleophilic substitution reactions – SN1 and SN2 mechanisms – Elimination reactions – Reactions with metals – Haloarenes – Polyhalogen compounds – DDT – Freons – Environmental effects.

Unit 25 – Organic Compounds Containing C, H and O

Alcohols – Phenols – Ethers – Classification and nomenclature – Preparation methods – Physical properties – Chemical reactions – Acidity – Esterification – Dehydration – Oxidation – Kolbe reaction – Reimer-Tiemann reaction – Williamson synthesis – Aldehydes – Ketones – Carbonyl compounds – Nucleophilic addition – Aldol condensation – Cannizzaro reaction – Carboxylic acids – Preparation methods – Acidity – Esterification – Decarboxylation – Uses.

Unit 26 – Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines – Classification – Nomenclature – Preparation methods – Physical properties – Basic character – Alkylation – Acylation – Carbylamine reaction – Diazonium salts – Diazotization – Sandmeyer reaction – Gattermann reaction – Coupling reactions – Cyanides – Isocyanides – Preparation – Properties and reactions.

Physics 

Unit 1 – Physical World

What is Physics – Scope and excitement of Physics – Physics, technology and society – Fundamental forces in nature – Gravitational force – Electromagnetic force – Strong nuclear force – Weak nuclear force – Towards unification of forces – Nature of physical laws.

Unit 2 – Units and Measurements

Introduction – International system of units – Measurement of length – Measurement of large distances – Estimation of very small distances – Measurement of mass – Measurement of time – Accuracy and precision – Errors in measurement – Systematic errors – Random errors – Least count error – Absolute error – Relative error – Percentage error – Combination of errors – Significant figures – Arithmetic operations with significant figures – Rounding off uncertain digits – Dimensions of physical quantities – Dimensional formulae – Dimensional equations – Dimensional analysis – Dimensional consistency of equations – Deducing relations among physical quantities.

Unit 3 – Motion in a Straight Line

Position – Path length and displacement – Average velocity and speed – Instantaneous velocity and speed – Acceleration – Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion – Relative velocity.

Unit 4 – Motion in a Plane

Scalars and vectors – Position and displacement vectors – Equality of vectors – Multiplication of vectors by real numbers – Addition and subtraction of vectors – Graphical method – Resolution of vectors – Analytical method of vector addition – Motion in a plane – Position vector and displacement – Velocity – Acceleration – Motion with constant acceleration – Relative velocity in two dimensions – Projectile motion – Equation of trajectory – Maximum height – Time of flight – Horizontal range – Uniform circular motion.

Unit 5 – Laws of Motion

Aristotle’s fallacy – Law of inertia – Newton’s first law – Newton’s second law – Momentum – Impulse – Newton’s third law – Conservation of momentum – Equilibrium of a particle – Common forces in mechanics – Friction – Rolling friction – Circular motion – Motion of vehicles on level and banked roads – Problem solving in mechanics.

Unit 6 – Work, Energy and Power

Scalar product – Work and kinetic energy – Work-energy theorem – Work done by variable force – Potential energy – Conservation of mechanical energy – Potential energy of spring – Various forms of energy – Law of conservation of energy – Heat energy – Chemical energy – Electrical energy – Mass-energy equivalence – Nuclear energy – Power – Elastic and inelastic collisions – One-dimensional collisions – Two-dimensional collisions – Coefficient of restitution.

Unit 7 – Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion

Rigid body motion – Centre of mass – Centre of gravity – Motion of centre of mass – Linear momentum of system of particles – Vector product – Angular velocity – Angular acceleration – Rotational kinematics – Torque – Angular momentum – Conservation of angular momentum – Equilibrium of rigid body – Principle of moments – Moment of inertia – Perpendicular axis theorem – Parallel axis theorem – Rotational dynamics – Rolling motion – Kinetic energy of rolling motion.

Unit 8 – Oscillations

Periodic motion – Oscillatory motion – Period and frequency – Displacement – Simple harmonic motion (SHM) – SHM and uniform circular motion – Velocity and acceleration in SHM – Force law for SHM – Energy in SHM – Spring oscillations – Simple pendulum – Damped oscillations – Forced oscillations – Resonance.

Unit 9 – Gravitation

Kepler’s laws – Universal law of gravitation – Gravitational constant – Acceleration due to gravity – Variation of gravity with height and depth – Gravitational potential energy – Escape velocity – Satellites – Energy of orbiting satellite – Geostationary satellites – Polar satellites – Weightlessness.

Unit 10 – Mechanical Properties of Solids

Elastic behaviour of solids – Stress and strain – Hooke’s law – Stress-strain curve – Elastic moduli – Young’s modulus – Determination of Young’s modulus – Shear modulus – Bulk modulus – Poisson’s ratio – Elastic potential energy – Applications of elasticity.

Unit 11 – Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Pressure – Pascal’s law – Variation of pressure with depth – Atmospheric pressure – Hydraulic machines – Streamline flow – Bernoulli’s principle – Torricelli’s theorem – Venturimeter – Blood flow and heart attack – Dynamic lift – Viscosity – Stokes’ law – Reynolds number – Surface tension – Surface energy – Angle of contact – Drops and bubbles – Capillary rise – Detergents and surface tension.

Unit 12 – Thermal Properties of Matter

Temperature and heat – Measurement of temperature – Ideal gas equation – Thermal expansion – Specific heat capacity – Calorimetry – Change of state – Regelation – Latent heat – Heat transfer – Conduction – Thermal conductivity – Convection – Radiation – Black body radiation – Greenhouse effect – Newton’s law of cooling.

Unit 13 – Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium – Zeroth law of thermodynamics – Internal energy – Work and heat – First law of thermodynamics – Specific heat capacity – Thermodynamic state variables – Thermodynamic processes – Isothermal process – Adiabatic process – Isochoric process – Isobaric process – Cyclic process – Heat engines – Refrigerators – Heat pumps – Second law of thermodynamics – Reversible and irreversible processes – Carnot engine – Carnot theorem.

Unit 14 – Kinetic Theory

Molecular nature of matter – Behaviour of gases – Boyle’s law – Charles’ law – Kinetic theory of gases – Pressure of ideal gas – Kinetic interpretation of temperature – Law of equipartition of energy – Specific heat capacities – Monatomic, diatomic and polyatomic gases – Mean free path.

Unit 15 – Waves

Transverse and longitudinal waves – Wave equation – Amplitude – Phase – Wavelength – Wave number – Time period – Frequency – Speed of waves – Waves on stretched strings – Sound waves – Principle of superposition – Reflection of waves – Standing waves – Normal modes – Beats – Doppler effect.

Unit 16 – Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Reflection by spherical mirrors – Sign convention – Focal length – Mirror equation – Refraction – Total internal reflection – Applications of total internal reflection – Refraction at spherical surfaces – Lenses – Power of lens – Combination of lenses – Prism – Dispersion – Rainbow – Scattering of light – Eye – Microscope – Telescope.

Unit 17 – Wave Optics

Huygens principle – Reflection and refraction of plane waves – Doppler effect – Coherent and incoherent sources – Interference of light – Young’s double slit experiment – Diffraction – Single slit diffraction – Resolving power – Polarization – Polarization by scattering and reflection.

Unit 18 – Electric Charges and Fields

Electric charge – Conductors and insulators – Charging by induction – Coulomb’s law – Electric field – Electric field due to point charges and systems of charges – Electric field lines – Electric flux – Electric dipole – Dipole in external field – Continuous charge distribution – Gauss’s law – Applications of Gauss’s law.

Unit 19 – Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electrostatic potential – Potential due to point charge and dipole – Equipotential surfaces – Relation between field and potential – Potential energy – Conductors – Dielectrics – Polarization – Capacitors – Parallel plate capacitor – Dielectric effect – Combination of capacitors – Energy stored in capacitor – Van de Graaff generator.

Unit 20 – Current Electricity

Electric current – Conductors – Ohm’s law – Drift velocity – Mobility – Resistivity – Temperature dependence of resistivity – Electrical energy and power – Series and parallel combination of resistors – EMF and internal resistance – Cells in series and parallel – Kirchhoff’s laws – Wheatstone bridge – Meter bridge – Potentiometer.

Unit 21 – Moving Charges and Magnetism

Magnetic force – Lorentz force – Motion in magnetic field – Velocity selector – Cyclotron – Biot-Savart law – Magnetic field due to current loop – Ampere’s circuital law – Solenoid – Toroid – Force between parallel conductors – Torque on current loop – Magnetic dipole moment – Moving coil galvanometer.

Unit 22 – Magnetism and Matter

Bar magnet – Magnetic field lines – Equivalent solenoid – Dipole in magnetic field – Earth’s magnetism – Magnetic declination – Magnetic dip – Magnetisation – Magnetic intensity – Diamagnetism – Paramagnetism – Ferromagnetism – Permanent magnets – Electromagnets.

Unit 23 – Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s experiments – Magnetic flux – Faraday’s law – Lenz’s law – Motional EMF – Eddy currents – Mutual inductance – Self inductance – AC generator.

Unit 24 – Alternating Current

AC voltage applied to resistor – Inductor – Capacitor – Series LCR circuit – Phasor diagrams – Resonance – Power factor – LC oscillations – Transformers.

Unit 25 – Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current – Electromagnetic waves – Sources of electromagnetic waves – Nature of electromagnetic waves – Electromagnetic spectrum.

Unit 26 – Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Electron emission – Photoelectric effect – Experimental observations – Einstein’s photoelectric equation – Photon concept – Wave nature of matter – de Broglie hypothesis – Davisson and Germer experiment.

Unit 27 – Atoms

Rutherford atomic model – Alpha particle scattering – Atomic spectra – Spectral series – Bohr model – Energy levels – Hydrogen spectrum – de Broglie explanation of Bohr’s theory.

Unit 28 – Nuclei

Atomic masses – Nuclear composition – Nuclear size – Binding energy – Nuclear forces – Radioactivity – Radioactive decay law – Alpha, beta and gamma decay – Nuclear fission – Nuclear reactor – Nuclear fusion.

Unit 29 – Semiconductor Electronics

Classification of materials – Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors – p-n junction – Diode – Rectifier – Zener diode – Voltage regulator – Photodiode – LED – Solar cell – Transistor – CE characteristics – Amplifier – Oscillator – Logic gates – Integrated circuits.

Unit 30 – Communication Systems

Elements of communication system – Communication terminology – Bandwidth – Propagation of electromagnetic waves – Ground waves – Sky waves – Space waves – Modulation – Need for modulation – Antenna – Amplitude modulation – Production and detection of AM waves.