Chemistry

SYLLABUS 

Unit 1 – Atomic Structure

Introduction – Subatomic particles – Thomson’s model – Rutherford nuclear model – Drawbacks of Rutherford model – Bohr’s model – Electromagnetic radiation – Planck’s quantum theory – Hydrogen spectrum – Limitations of Bohr’s model – Dual nature of matter – Heisenberg uncertainty principle – Quantum mechanical model – Orbitals and quantum numbers – Shapes and energies of orbitals – Aufbau principle – Pauli exclusion principle – Hund’s rule – Electronic configuration – Stability of half-filled and fully-filled orbitals.

Unit 2 – Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Need for classification – Genesis of periodic classification – Modern periodic law – Periodic table – Nomenclature of elements – Electronic configuration and periodic table – s, p, d and f blocks – Atomic radius – Ionic radius – Ionization enthalpy – Electron gain enthalpy – Electronegativity – Oxidation states – Diagonal relationship – Anomalous properties of second period elements – Periodic trends and chemical reactivity.

Unit 3 – Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel-Lewis approach – Octet rule – Ionic bond – Lattice enthalpy – Covalent bond – Bond parameters – Bond length – Bond angle – Bond enthalpy – Bond order – Resonance – Dipole moment – VSEPR theory – Molecular geometry – Valence bond theory – Orbital overlap – Sigma and pi bonds – Hybridization – Coordinate bond – Molecular orbital theory – LCAO – Energy level diagrams – Bonding in homonuclear molecules – Hydrogen bonding – Intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

Unit 4 – States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Intermolecular forces – Thermal energy – Gas laws – Ideal gas equation – Graham’s law of diffusion – Dalton’s law of partial pressures – Kinetic theory of gases – Kinetic gas equation – Molecular speed distribution – RMS velocity – Real gases – Compressibility factor – Liquefaction of gases – Properties of liquids – Vapour pressure – Viscosity – Surface tension.

Unit 5 – Stoichiometry

Basic concepts – Significant figures – Dimensional analysis – Laws of chemical combination – Conservation of mass – Definite proportions – Multiple proportions – Gay Lussac’s law – Dalton’s atomic theory – Avogadro’s law – Atomic and molecular masses – Mole concept – Equivalent weight – Percentage composition – Empirical formula – Molecular formula – Concentration terms – Molarity – Molality – Normality – Mole fraction – Redox reactions – Oxidation number – Balancing redox equations – Titrimetry.

Unit 6 – Thermodynamics

System and surroundings – Types of systems – State functions – Internal energy – Work and heat – First law of thermodynamics – Enthalpy – Heat capacity – Calorimetry – Enthalpy changes – Thermochemical equations – Hess’s law – Enthalpy of combustion – Atomization – Bond enthalpy – Solution enthalpy – Entropy – Second law of thermodynamics – Gibbs free energy – Spontaneity – Third law of thermodynamics.

Unit 7 – Chemical Equilibrium and Acids-Bases

Physical equilibrium – Chemical equilibrium – Dynamic equilibrium – Law of mass action – Equilibrium constant – Homogeneous equilibrium – Heterogeneous equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle – Ionic equilibrium – Acids and bases – Arrhenius theory – Bronsted-Lowry theory – Lewis theory – Ionization constants – pH scale – Common ion effect – Hydrolysis of salts – Buffer solutions – Solubility product – Solubility equilibria.

Unit 8 – Hydrogen and Its Compounds

Position of hydrogen – Isotopes – Preparation and properties of hydrogen – Hydrides – Water – Structure and properties of water – Hard and soft water – Hydrogen peroxide – Preparation and properties – Heavy water – Hydrogen as fuel.

Unit 9 – s-Block Elements

Alkali metals – Electronic configuration – Atomic and ionic radii – Ionization enthalpy – Hydration enthalpy – Physical and chemical properties – Oxides – Halides – Salts of oxo acids – Lithium and its anomalous behaviour – Sodium compounds – Sodium carbonate – Sodium chloride – Sodium hydroxide – Sodium bicarbonate – Biological importance – Alkaline earth metals – Beryllium anomaly – Calcium compounds – Calcium oxide – Calcium hydroxide – Calcium carbonate – Plaster of Paris – Cement – Biological importance of calcium and magnesium.

Unit 10 – p-Block Elements (Group 13)

Electronic configuration – Atomic radii – Ionization enthalpy – Electronegativity – Physical properties – Chemical properties – Boron and its anomalous properties – Borax – Orthoboric acid – Diborane – Uses of boron and aluminium.

Unit 11 – p-Block Elements (Group 14)

Electronic configuration – Physical and chemical properties – Carbon and silicon – Allotropes of carbon – Carbon monoxide – Carbon dioxide – Silica – Silicones – Silicates – Zeolites.

Unit 12 – Environmental Chemistry

Air pollution – Water pollution – Soil pollution – Atmospheric pollution – Tropospheric pollution – Greenhouse effect – Global warming – Acid rain – Smog – Ozone layer depletion – Water quality standards – Waste management – Green chemistry – Environmental protection strategies.

Unit 13 – Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles and Hydrocarbons

Classification of organic compounds – Nomenclature – Isomerism – Reaction mechanisms – Electron displacement effects – Inductive effect – Resonance – Electromeric effect – Hyperconjugation – Purification methods – Qualitative and quantitative analysis – Alkanes – Alkenes – Alkynes – Aromatic hydrocarbons – Benzene – Aromaticity – Electrophilic substitution reactions – Nitration – Sulphonation – Halogenation – Friedel-Crafts reactions.

Unit 14 – Solid State

Amorphous and crystalline solids – Classification of solids – Crystal lattices – Unit cells – Bravais lattices – Number of atoms in unit cells – Close packing – Voids – Packing efficiency – Density of unit cells – Defects in solids – Electrical properties – Band theory – Magnetic properties.

Unit 15 – Solutions

Types of solutions – Concentration terms – Solubility – Henry’s law – Vapour pressure – Raoult’s law – Ideal and non-ideal solutions – Colligative properties – Relative lowering of vapour pressure – Elevation of boiling point – Depression of freezing point – Osmosis – Osmotic pressure – Reverse osmosis – Abnormal molar masses – van’t Hoff factor.

Unit 16 – Electrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics

Electrochemical cells – Galvanic cells – Electrode potentials – Nernst equation – Conductance – Molar conductivity – Kohlrausch’s law – Electrolysis – Faraday’s laws – Batteries – Fuel cells – Corrosion – Hydrogen economy – Rate of reaction – Order of reaction – Molecularity – Rate constant – Integrated rate equations – Half-life – Temperature dependence – Catalysis – Collision theory.

Unit 17 – Surface Chemistry

Adsorption and absorption – Types of adsorption – Adsorption isotherms – Applications of adsorption – Catalysis – Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis – Enzyme catalysis – Colloids – Classification of colloids – Preparation and purification – Tyndall effect – Brownian movement – Electrophoresis – Emulsions – Applications of colloids.

Unit 18 – General Principles of Metallurgy

Occurrence of metals – Concentration of ores – Magnetic separation – Froth flotation – Leaching – Extraction of crude metals – Thermodynamic principles – Ellingham diagram – Electrochemical principles – Refining methods – Distillation – Liquation – Electrolysis – Zone refining – Vapour phase refining – Uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

Unit 19 – p-Block Elements (Groups 15 to 18)

Group 15 elements – Nitrogen and phosphorus – Ammonia – Nitric acid – Phosphine – Phosphorus halides – Oxoacids of phosphorus – Group 16 elements – Oxygen – Ozone – Sulphur – Sulphur dioxide – Sulphuric acid – Group 17 elements – Chlorine – Hydrogen chloride – Oxoacids of halogens – Interhalogen compounds – Group 18 elements – Noble gases – Xenon compounds.

Unit 20 – d and f Block Elements & Coordination Compounds

Transition elements – Electronic configuration – Oxidation states – Magnetic properties – Coloured ions – Complex formation – Catalytic properties – Potassium dichromate – Potassium permanganate – Lanthanoids – Actinoids – Werner’s theory – Nomenclature of coordination compounds – Isomerism – Valence bond theory – Crystal field theory – Stability and applications of coordination compounds.

Unit 21 – Polymers

Classification of polymers – Addition polymerization – Condensation polymerization – Copolymerization – Natural rubber – Vulcanization – Synthetic rubbers – Molecular mass of polymers – Biodegradable polymers – Commercial polymers and their uses.

Unit 22 – Biomolecules

Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides – Disaccharides – Polysaccharides – Amino acids – Proteins – Structure of proteins – Enzymes – Vitamins – Nucleic acids – DNA – RNA – DNA fingerprinting – Hormones – Biological functions.

Unit 23 – Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs and classification – Drug-target interaction – Antacids – Antihistamines – Tranquilizers – Analgesics – Antibiotics – Antiseptics – Disinfectants – Artificial sweeteners – Food preservatives – Antioxidants – Soaps – Synthetic detergents.

Unit 24 – Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Classification and nomenclature – Nature of C-X bond – Preparation methods – Physical properties – Nucleophilic substitution reactions – SN1 and SN2 mechanisms – Elimination reactions – Reactions with metals – Haloarenes – Polyhalogen compounds – DDT – Freons – Environmental effects.

Unit 25 – Organic Compounds Containing C, H and O

Alcohols – Phenols – Ethers – Classification and nomenclature – Preparation methods – Physical properties – Chemical reactions – Acidity – Esterification – Dehydration – Oxidation – Kolbe reaction – Reimer-Tiemann reaction – Williamson synthesis – Aldehydes – Ketones – Carbonyl compounds – Nucleophilic addition – Aldol condensation – Cannizzaro reaction – Carboxylic acids – Preparation methods – Acidity – Esterification – Decarboxylation – Uses.

Unit 26 – Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines – Classification – Nomenclature – Preparation methods – Physical properties – Basic character – Alkylation – Acylation – Carbylamine reaction – Diazonium salts – Diazotization – Sandmeyer reaction – Gattermann reaction – Coupling reactions – Cyanides – Isocyanides – Preparation – Properties and reactions.