Intermediate 1 st Year Chemistry

SYLLABUS

Unit 1: Atomic Structure
Sub-atomic particles – Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom – Developments to Bohr’s Model – Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom – Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom – Orbitals and Quantum Numbers – Shapes and Energies of Atomic Orbitals – Aufbau Principle – Pauli’s Exclusion Principle – Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity – Electronic Configuration of Atoms – Stability of Half-filled and Completely Filled Orbitals.

Unit 2: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Need for Classification of Elements – Genesis of Periodic Classification – Modern Periodic Law and Periodic Table – Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number Greater than 100 – Electronic Configuration and Periodic Table – Types of Elements (s, p, d, f Block Elements) – Periodic Trends in Physical and Chemical Properties – Chemical Reactivity.

Unit 3: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Kossel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding – Ionic (Electrovalent) Bond – Bond Parameters – VSEPR Theory – Valence Bond Theory – Hybridization – Coordinate Bond – Molecular Orbital Theory – Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules – Hydrogen Bonding.

Unit 4: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
Intermolecular Forces – Thermal Energy – Gaseous State – Gas Laws – Ideal Gas Equation – Graham’s Law of Diffusion – Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures – Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases – Kinetic Gas Equation – Distribution of Molecular Speeds – Real Gases and Deviation from Ideal Behaviour – Compressibility Factor – Liquefaction of Gases – Liquid State – Vapour Pressure – Viscosity – Surface Tension.

Unit 5: Stoichiometry
Basic Concepts – Laws of Chemical Combination – Gay Lussac’s Law – Dalton’s Atomic Theory – Avogadro’s Law – Atomic and Molecular Masses – Mole Concept – Molar Mass – Equivalent Weight – Percentage Composition – Empirical and Molecular Formulae – Stoichiometric Calculations – Concentration Terms – Redox Reactions – Oxidation Number – Types of Redox Reactions – Balancing Redox Equations – Redox Reactions in Titrimetry.

Unit 6: Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic Terms – Work, Heat and Internal Energy – Enthalpy – Extensive and Intensive Properties – Heat Capacity – Calorimetry – Enthalpy Changes of Reactions – Different Types of Enthalpies – Spontaneity – Gibbs Energy and Equilibrium – Entropy – Third Law of Thermodynamics.

Unit 7: Chemical Equilibrium and Acids-Bases
Physical and Chemical Equilibrium – Dynamic Equilibrium – Law of Mass Action – Equilibrium Constant – Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria – Relationship between Kp and Kc – Applications of Equilibrium Constant – Reaction Quotient and Gibbs Energy – Le Chatelier’s Principle – Ionic Equilibrium – Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis Concepts of Acids and Bases – Ionization of Acids and Bases – Buffer Solutions – Solubility Product and Common Ion Effect.

Unit 8: Hydrogen and its Compounds
Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table – Occurrence and Isotopes of Hydrogen – Preparation and Properties of Dihydrogen – Hydrides – Water and its Properties – Hard and Soft Water – Hydrogen Peroxide – Heavy Water – Hydrogen as a Fuel.

Unit 9: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
Alkali Metals – Electronic Configuration – Physical and Chemical Properties – Compounds of Alkali Metals – Anomalous Properties of Lithium – Important Compounds of Sodium – Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium – Alkaline Earth Metals – Physical and Chemical Properties – Compounds of Alkaline Earth Metals – Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium – Diagonal Relationship with Aluminium – Important Compounds of Calcium – Biological Importance of Calcium and Magnesium.

Unit 10: p-Block Elements – Group 13 (Boron Family)
Electronic Configuration – Atomic Radii – Ionization Enthalpy – Electronegativity – Physical and Chemical Properties – Anomalous Properties of Boron – Borax – Orthoboric Acid – Diborane – Uses of Boron, Aluminium and their Compounds.

Unit 11: p-Block Elements – Group 14 (Carbon Family)
Electronic Configuration – Physical and Chemical Properties – Anomalous Properties of Carbon – Allotropes of Carbon – Uses of Carbon – Carbon Monoxide – Carbon Dioxide – Silica – Silicones – Silicates – Zeolites.

Unit 12: Environmental Chemistry
Air, Water and Soil Pollution – Environmental Pollution – Atmospheric Pollution – Acid Rain – Particulate Pollutants – Stratospheric Pollution – Water Pollution – Soil Pollution – Pesticides and Industrial Wastes – Control of Environmental Pollution – Green Chemistry.

Unit 13: Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques & Hydrocarbons
General Introduction – Tetravalency of Carbon – Shapes and Structural Representation of Organic Compounds – Classification and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds – Isomerism – Organic Reaction Mechanisms – Purification and Analysis of Organic Compounds – Classification of Hydrocarbons – Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes (Preparation, Properties and Isomerism) – Aromatic Hydrocarbons – Benzene Structure, Resonance and Aromaticity – Directive Influence of Functional Groups – Carcinogenicity and Toxicity.