Class 9 - Science

Syllabus:

1. Cell Structure and Functions: Typical Cell – Plant and Animal Cell Comparison – Plasma Membrane – Cell Wall – Nucleus – Eukaryotic Cell – Prokaryotic Cell – Cytoplasm – Protoplasm – Endoplasmic Reticulum – Ribosomes – Lysosomes – Golgi Complex – Mitochondria – Vacuoles – Plastids – Chloroplasts – Are Cells Flat? – Origin of Cells.

2. Plant Tissues: Parts of Plants and Functions – Cells in Leaf and Onion Peel – Cells in Root Tip – Growing Roots in Onion – Meristematic Tissue – Dermal Tissue – Ground Tissue – Vascular Tissue – Apical Meristem – Lateral Meristem – Intercalary Meristem – Tissues in Dicot Stem – Epidermal Cells in Rheo Leaf – Parenchyma – Chlorenchyma – Aerenchyma – Storage Tissue – Sclerenchyma – Collenchyma – Xylem – Phloem.

3. Animal Tissues: Organ Systems and Functions – Observing Tissues – Blood Cells – Epithelial Tissue – Connective Tissue – Muscular Tissue – Nervous Tissue – Columnar – Cuboidal – Squamous Epithelium – Areolar Tissue – Adipose Tissue – Bone – Cartilage – Ligament – Tendon – Blood Tissue – RBC – WBC – Platelets – Granulocytes – Neutrophils – Basophils – Eosinophils – Agranulocytes – Lymphocytes – Monocytes – Blood Flow – Blood Clotting – Blood Groups – Universal Donor – Universal Acceptor.

4. Movement of Materials Across Cell Membrane: Entry and Exit of Substances – Solutions and Concentrations – Kishmish Experiment – Osmosis – Selectively Permeable Membrane – Filtration – Functions of Plasma Membrane – Flow Through Membrane – Importance of Osmosis – Diffusion.

5. Diversity in Living Organisms: Diversity in Plants and Animals – Monocots and Dicots – Human Variations – Classification – Need for Classification – Evolution of Life – Binomial Nomenclature – Five Kingdom Classification – Monera – Protista – Fungi – Plantae – Animalia – Classification of Plant Kingdom – Classification of Animal Kingdom.

6. Sense Organs: Stimulus and Response – Structure and Function of Eye – Eye Illusions – Eye Care – Eye Diseases – Structure of Ear – Hearing – Ear Care – Structure of Nose – Sense of Smell – Nose Care – Structure of Tongue – Taste Sensation – Tongue Care – Structure of Skin – Sense of Touch – Skin Diseases and Care.

7. Animal Behaviour: Animal Behaviour Types – Instinct – Imprinting – Conditioning – Imitation – Pavlov’s Experiment – Human Behaviour – Field and Laboratory Investigation – Tagging – Animal Intelligence.

8. Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products: Population Growth and Food Need – High Yielding Varieties – Irrigation Facilities – Water and Crop Yield – Plant Nutrients – Crop Rotation – Mixed Cropping – Organic Manure – Chemical Fertilizers – Soil Testing – Vermicompost – Panchagavya – Organic Farming – Long-Term Effects of Chemical Fertilizers – Crop Protection – Weeds – Plant Diseases – Pesticides.

9. Adaptations in Different Ecosystems: Ecosystems – Adaptations in Plants – Desert Ecosystem Adaptations – Aquatic Ecosystem Adaptations – Marine Ecosystem Adaptations – Swimming Adaptations – Euphotic Zone – Bathyal Zone – Abyssal Zone – Littoral Zone – Limnetic Zone – Profundal Zone – Salinity Adaptations – Hibernation – Aestivation – Symbiosis – Darwin’s Finches.

10. Soil Pollution: Soil and Its Properties – Physical – Chemical and Biological Properties – Soil Fertility – Soil Pollution – Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Wastes – Manures and Chemicals – Biomagnification – Solid Wastes – Deforestation – Urbanization – Underground Soil Pollution – Effects on Environment – Bioremediation – Soil Conservation.

11. Biogeochemical Cycles: Pollution and Ecosystem Cycles – Water Cycle – Nitrogen Fixation – Nitrification – Assimilation – Ammonification – Denitrification – Human Intervention in Nitrogen Cycle – Carbon Cycle – Photosynthesis – Carbon Fixation – Carbon Storage – Global Warming – Greenhouse Effect – Oxygen Cycle – Ozone Layer.